According to the documentation on GitHub, you must mount the "conf" directory with the host.
--volume /opt/traccar/traccar.xml:/opt/traccar/conf/traccar.xml:ro \
See my setup:
 environment:
      - TZ=America/Sao_Paulo
    ports:
      - 33318:33318
      - 8082:8082
      - 5011:5011
      - 5055:5055
      - 5013:5013
      - 5027:5027
    volumes:
      - /home/user/satvix/logs/:/opt/traccar/logs:rw
      - /home/user/satvix/conf/traccar.xml:/opt/traccar/conf/traccar.xml:ro
      - /home/user/satvix/templates/:/opt/traccar/templates
      - /home/user/satvix/media/:/opt/traccar/media
      - /home/user/satvix/web/:/opt/traccar/web
You can also use environment variables to configure docker.
I have a docker-compose.yaml file which runs traccar for me. The docs say tp add telegram notifications that I should edit /opt/traccar/conf but that doesn't apply for docker unless I exec into the container. I suspect I need to add a pameter into the the compose file but im not sure what to specify for the telegram config parameters.